chapter 15 of the chicago manual of style

We thought so back in 1993.” Facebook, April 17, 2015. APA (American Psychological Association) and MLA (Modern Language Association) are the most commonly used at UW-La Crosse. Make sure that the information provided in the citation will allow a repeat of the process. The essence of citation is verification of information.It may be when it was added to the web. Subscription indexes, however, use the date the article was published. If the horizontal ruler that runs along the top of the document is not visible, click the View Ruler button at the top of the vertical scroll bar. According to this style, sources are cited in the body of the text. A reference list is provided at the end of the paper. The citation in the text is between brackets and typically appears before punctuation marks. Only in the case of a longer quotation does the citation come after the full stop. In most cases, rearranging the order of the components in the citation is enough to correct it. According to style II: Author-Date References, the publication year follows the author instead of the publisher. For the other components, the same rules typically apply. These are followed by a comma and page numbers if available. In the latter case, the citation comes after the full stop that ends the quotation. Except for authors who always use initials, for example C.S. Lewis. The following is an example: Year of publication. Title in italics: Subtitle. Location of publication: Publisher. Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press. For subsequent authors, the first name comes first and is followed by the surname. State all of the authors. This appears as follows: Title in italics: Subtitle. Publication location, Publisher, year. Location of publication: Publisher. Location of publication: Publisher. Translated by Heinz Kimmerle. Missoula: Scholars Press for the American Academy of Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Location: Publisher. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Location: Publisher.

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Each example of a reference list entry is accompanied by an example of a corresponding in-text citation. For more details and many more examples, see chapter 15 of The Chicago Manual of Style. For examples of the same citations using the notes and bibliography system, follow the Notes and Bibliography link above. In the text, cite specific pages. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. For other types of e-books, name the format. If no fixed page numbers are available, cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the text, if any (or simply omit). New York: Penguin Classics. Kindle. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ProQuest Ebrary. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. In the text, cite specific page numbers. For articles consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database in the reference list entry. Many journal articles list a DOI (Digital Object Identifier). A DOI forms a permanent URL that begins This URL is preferable to the URL that appears in your browser’s address bar. If there are four or more authors, list up to ten in the reference list; in the text, list only the first, followed by et al. (“and others”). For more than ten authors (not shown here), list the first seven in the reference list, followed by et al. In the reference list, it can be helpful to repeat the year with sources that are cited also by month and day. Page numbers, if any, can be cited in the text but are omitted from a reference list entry. If you consulted the article online, include a URL or the name of the database. LexisNexis Academic. New York Times, November 7, 2016. Audio, 35:25. For a source that does not list a date of publication or revision, use n.d. (for “no date”) in place of the year and include an access date. Video, 12:51. If a more formal citation is needed, a reference list entry may be appropriate. In place of a title, quote up to the first 160 characters of the post. Comments are cited in reference to the original post.

For more details and many more examples, see chapter 15 of The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. IT: (Kelly 2010, 77) Chapter of an edited volume originally published elsewhere (as in primary sources) R: Cicero, Quintus Tullius. 1986. “Handbook on Canvassing for the Consulship.” In Rome: Late Republic and Principate, edited by Walter Emil Kaegi Jr. For books consulted online, list a URL; include an access date only if one is required by your publisher or discipline. If no fixed page numbers are available, you can include a section title or a chapter or other number. R:Austen, Jane. 2007. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Penguin Classics. Kindle edition. R: Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. 1987. The Founders’ Constitution. IT:(Austen 2007) IT: (Kurland and Lerner, chap. 10, doc. 19) Journal article Article in a print journal In the text, list the specific page numbers consulted, if any. In the reference list entry, list the page range for the whole article. IT: (Weinstein 2009, 440) Article in an online journal Include a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) if the journal lists one. A DOI is a permanent ID that, when appended to in the address bar of an Internet browser, will lead to the source. If no DOI is available, list a URL. Include an access date only if one is required by your publisher or discipline. The following examples show the more formal versions of the citations. If you consulted the article online, include a URL; include an access date only if your publisher or discipline requires one. If no author is identified, begin the citation with the article title. R: Mendelsohn, Daniel. 2010. “But Enough about Me.” New Yorker, January 25. R: Stolberg, Sheryl Gay, and Robert Pear. 2010. “Wary Centrists Posing Challenge in Health Care Vote.” New York Times, February 27. Accessed February 28, 2010. IT: (Mendelsohn 2010, 68) IT: (Stolberg and Pear 2010) Book review R: Kamp, David. 2006. “Deconstructing Dinner.

Leiden: Brill. ? Location: Publisher. Leiden: Brill. ? The following is an example: The full stop between the title of the article and the title of the journal must be between the quotation marks. If it is an online journal, the page numbers are followed by a comma, because more information is provided. In Chapter 15, there are no guidelines for citing an encyclopaedia. The examples below are based on the examples and guidelines from Chapter 14 on Notes and Bibliography. References in the bibliography are not a problem, but the citations in the text are problematic if no author is specified for the entries from the encyclopaedia. You place s.v. ( sub verbo: below the word) before the entry or, if you consulted multiple entries, s.vv. Examples of these include extensive articles from the Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy and the Encyclopaedia of Christianity Online. If the author of the entry is indicated in the citation, it will look like a citation for a contribution to a book with multiple authors. Encyclopaedia publication information. Article publication information or date consulted. DOI or URL. Since the content of websites changes often, it is recommended that you state the date you accessed it or the date it was last modified. Informed Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. New York: Columbia University Press. London: Routledge. New York: New Press. First published 1977. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. First published 1925. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo “Nauka.” Do not translate any other element of the reference besides the title. They are preferable to URLs, being more stable. No access date is necessary in this case. Los Angeles: Elemental Productions. DVD. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Test Preparation When page numbers are required, they should be separated by comma. Examples The examples cited below illustrate common material formats. Each reference list entry is accompanied by an example of a corresponding parenthetical citation in the text.

Your parenthetical citations serve as pointers to the full source information on your reference list. You must include an in-text citation for every citation in your cumulative reference list at the end of your paper. Between 1968 and 1994 the so-called “approval rating” of spanking children dropped from 94% to 68% (Santa Barbara 2010). Label this list References. Your reference list must include every source you cited in a parenthetical citation within your text. If no author or editor is listed, the title or keyword by which the reader would search for the source may be used instead. This means that you capitalize the first and last words in titles and subtitles, and capitalize all other major words, similar to MLA format. End each entry with a period. Be sure to single space after all commas, colons, and periods. Otherwise, include the name of the database and, in parentheses, any identification number provided with the source. If there is no publication or revision date, include an access date. See also CMOS (disambiguation). Its 17 editions have prescribed writing and citation styles widely used in publishing.The Chicago Manual of Style also discusses the parts of a book and the editing process.It is used widely by academic and some trade publishers, as well as editors and authors who are required by those publishers to follow it. Kate L. Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations also reflects Chicago style.It allows the mixing of formats, provided that the result is clear and consistent.In both cases, two parts are needed: first, notation in the text, which indicates that the information immediately preceding was from another source; and second, the full citation, which is placed at another location.The third example of the bibliography entry is marked up with color to identify its parts.

” Review of The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals, by Michael R: Pollan. New York Times, April 23, Sunday Book Review. IT: (Kamp 2006) Thesis or dissertation R: Choi, Mihwa. 2008. “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.” PhD diss., University of Chicago. IT:(Adelman 2009) Website A citation to website content can often be limited to a mention in the text (“As of July 19, 2008, the McDonald’s Corporation listed on its website...”). If a more formal citation is desired, it may be styled as in the examples below. Because such content is subject to change, include an access date or, if available, a date that the site was last modified. In the absence of a date of publication, use the access date or last-modified date as the basis of the citation. R: Google. 2009. “Google Privacy Policy.” Last modified March 11. R: McDonald’s Corporation. 2008. “McDonald’s Happy Meal Toy Safety Facts.” Accessed July 19. IT: (Google 2009) IT: (McDonald’s 2008) Blog entry or comment Blog entries or comments may be cited in running text (“In a comment posted to The Becker-Posner Blog on February 23, 2010,...”), and they are commonly omitted from a reference list. If a reference list entry is needed, cite the blog post there but mention comments in the text only. (If an access date is required, add it before the URL; see examples elsewhere in this guide.) R: Posner, Richard. 2010. “Double Exports in Five Years?” The Becker-Posner Blog, February 21. IT: (Posner 2010) Information and Examples provided by The Chicago Manual of Style 16th Online Edition. Each reference list entry includes complete identifying information for a source, since parenthetical citations do not. All reference list entries have the same general form. From the Online Writing Lab at Purdue University Parenthetical citations include enough information so that your reader can find the full citation in your reference list at the end of your paper.

Place: Publisher. Place: Publisher, year. URL or Database. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2008. Accessed January 26, 2011. Place: Publisher. Accessed Month day, year. URL or Database. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Accessed January 26, 2011. For reference works with signed entries or chapters by different authors, one can create a citation similar to that for a book chapter. When in doubt consult the Manual section 14.247. Place: Publisher, year. Place: Publisher. When in doubt consult the Manual section 14.248. URL or Database. Place: Publisher, year. Place: Publisher. Place: Publisher, year. URL or Database. Chicago: ACRL, 2011. Accessed May 26, 2011. Place: Publisher. Accessed Month day, year. URL or Database. Chicago: ACRL. Accessed May 26, 2011. Most citations in the Bluebook style use footnotes alone and do not include the same information in the bibliography. Below are some general examples for U.S. documents. September 15, 2005, 182-83). See section 15:55. Note style for online documents is generally the same as print, with the addition of a URL.The titles of unpublished theses and dissertations are given in quotes, rather than in italics. The Manual recommends that as much of the following information be included as is possible. Sources Gregory G. Colomb, Joseph M. Williams. A Manual for Writers of Research. Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. 8th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago. Press, 2013. New edition Psychological Association. Launch of APA Style Central,Papers, 8th ed. New York: MLA, 2016. NewScholarly Publishing. Discontinued A Style Sheet. 3rd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2014. New edition Joseph M. Williams. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and. Dissertations. 8th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013. New edition Chicago Manual of Style. 17th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,Association. Launch of APA Style Central,New edition Launch of MLA Style Center New edition. Aldershot, England: Ashgate.

Perth, WA: Curtin University of Technology and The National Council for the Centenary of Federation. Canberra, ACT: National Capital Authority. If more than ten, list the first seven authors followed by 'et al.'. Hauppauge, NY: Barron’s Educational Series. In the short form the volume number does not need to be repeated. Perth, WA: UWA Publishing. Translated and edited by George Jelinek and Joan Jelinek. London: Tiranti. Edited by John Bigelow. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott. Perth, WA: Department of Planning and Urban Developments. If no fixed page numbers are available, you can include a section title or a chapter or other number. See example below However, some publishers or unit coordinators require an access date to be added, in which case, the access date should immediately precede the URL or DOI. See The Chicago Manual of Style Online, Chapter 14, Section 176. If no publication date or modification date can be determined include access date. Posted August 25 2010. Instead, put the information about the image into a caption or in parentheses in the text of your paper. For a full discussion of illustrations- including guidelines on preparation, placement, numbering, and captioning, with examples see Chapter 3 Section 3-46 Georgia O'Keeffe's The Cliff Chimneys (1938, Milwaukee Art Museum) is a famous one. Princeton: Princeton University Press. In the running text or caption indicate the artist, year the work as created, title of the work, and where it is located. Washington: Island Press. Accessed September 19, 2017. Directed by Miriam Stannage. Perth, WA: Miriam Stannage. DVD. Westminster Cathedral Choir and City of London Sinfonia. James O’Donnel. Recorded June 18-20, November 29, 1990. Hyperion CDA66437, compact disc. Antony Walker. Baroque Duets. ABC Classics 476 7737, compact disc. Symphony of Psalms; Mass; Canticum Sacrum. Westminster Cathedral Choir and City of London Sinfonia. Hyperion CDA66437, 1991, compact disc. Liner notes by Ivan Moody.

The 15th edition (2003) was revised to reflect the emergence of computer technology and the internet in publishing, offering guidance for citing electronic works.In a departure from the earlier red-orange cover, the 16th edition features a robin's-egg blue dust jacket (a nod to older editions with blue jackets, such as the 11th and 12th). An updated appendix on production and digital technology demystified the process of electronic workflow and offered a primer on the use of XML markup. It also includes a revised glossary, including a host of terms associated with electronic and print publishing. The Chicago system of documentation is streamlined to achieve greater consistency between the author-date and notes-bibliography systems of citation, making both systems easier to use. In addition, updated and expanded examples address the many questions that arise when documenting online and digital sources, from the use of DOIs to citing social networking sites. Figures and tables are updated throughout the book, including a return to the Manual ' s popular hyphenation table and new, selective listings of Unicode numbers for special characters.It offers new and expanded style guidelines in response to advancing technology and social change. It also includes new and revised content reflecting the latest publishing practices and electronic workflows and self-publishing. Citation recommendations, the glossary of problematic words and phrases, and the bibliography have all been updated and expanded.University of Chicago Press. Retrieved March 14, 2020. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.University of Chicago Press. 2010. Archived from the original on February 14, 2012. Retrieved March 17, 2011. University of Chicago Press. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. This style is commonly used by scholars in the fields of history and the humanities.

This format is discussed at length in chapter 14 of the Manual. This style is used more often in the sciences, and is discussed at length in chapter 15 of the Manual. The Chicago Manual of Style. 17th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017. Ref Desk Z 253.U69 2017. (Also available online to current students, faculty, and staff.) Revised by Wayne C. Booth et al. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013. Ref Desk LB 2269.T8 2013. Read more about DOIs. More about access dates in citations can be found in section 14:12 of the Manual. We have included access dates in our examples, below, as some publishers require them. URL or DOI expressed as a URL. URL or DOI expressed as a URL. URL or Darabase. URL or DOI expressed as a URL. These examples would be for a more formal bibliography. See section 14: 203-213 of the Manual for more information. These examples would be for a more formal bibliography. See section 14: 203-213 of the Manual for more information. Review of Title of Work Being Reviewed, by Author's First Name Author's Last Name. Journal or Magazine Name volume, issue (Year or Month Year or Month, Day Year): pages. New Yorker 86, no. 45 (January 24, 2011): 16. Journal or Magazine Name volume (issue): pages. New Yorker 86 (45): 16. Review of Title of Work Being Reviewed, by Author's First Name Author's Last Name. Journal or Magazine Name volume, issue (Year or Month Year or Month, Day Year): pages. Accessed Month day, year. URL or DOI expressed as a URL. Cineaste 36, no. 1 (Winter 2010): 52-54. Accessed January 27, 2011. Journal or Magazine Name volume (issue): pages. URL or DOI expressed as a URL. Cineaste 36 (1) 52-54. Accessed January 27, 2011. Title of Book. Place: Publisher, year. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1996. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press. Title of Book. Place: Publisher, year. URL or Database. London: Printed by J. Okes, 1641. Accessed January 15, 2011. URL or DOI expressed as a URL. Place: Publisher, year.

Reduction for Clarinet and Piano.New York Times, May 3, 2008, late edition, sec. C. If an original source is unavailable both the original and the secondary source must be listed in the footnote,but only the original should appear in the bibliography. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. There are two two documentation systems: Notes-Bibliography System (NB) is made up of footnotes or endnotes (or both), and a bibliography Author-Date System consists of parenthetical author-date citations and a corresponding reference list including full publication information The style offers academic writers the choice between these two formats; choosing which system you are going to apply to your work will depend on your discipline and the type of sources you are citing. If you are unsure which system you should be using, make sure you consult your tutor before you begin. This guide is not officially associated with the citation style, but it will give you a good overview of the rules and format. So read on to see how both Chicago variants work. The notes and bibliography system is primarily used in the humanities - including literature, history, and the arts - because it is a flexible style that accommodates unusual source types and opens up space for commentary on the sources cited. A superscript number at the end of the sentence signals to the reader that a source has been used, and summary details of the source can be found using the numbered footnote at the bottom of the page. Full details of the source information can be located in the bibliography, which is presented at the end of the essay in alphabetical order by author. Read more here about creating footnotes. The Chicago style citation also has an author-date variant, which is commonly used by those in the physical, natural, and social sciences. Sources are briefly cited in the text and enclosed within parentheses.

Each parenthetical citation includes the author’s last name, date of publication, and sometimes a page number, and is keyed to a corresponding citation in a complete list of references, where full bibliographic information is provided. Whether you are using the notes and bibliography system or the author-date style in your work, the Cite This For Me citing tool will generate your citations. Simply log in to your account, or create one for free, and select either the “note-bib” or “author-date” option. This guide has been written to support students, writers and researchers by offering clear, well-considered advice on the usage of Chicago citations. We understand that it is easy to inadvertently plagiarize your work under the mounting pressure of expectation and deadlines. That’s why we’ve created this citation generator to automate the citing process, allowing you to save valuable time transcribing and organizing your citations. So, rather than starting from scratch when your essay, article, or research is due, save yourself the legwork with the world’s most accurate citation generator. It’s a quick and easy way to cite any source. There are thousands of other citation styles out there - the use of which one varies according to scholarly discipline, college requirements, your professor’s preference or the publication you are writing for. If you are looking to cite your work using MLA formatting, or your discipline requires you to use the APA citation style or Harvard referencing, you’ll find the style you need on the Cite This For Me website. As well as the Chicago citation generator above, you can find citation generators and style guides for styles such as ASA, IEEE or AMA. Whichever style you’re using, make sure that you apply the recommended method consistently throughout your work. Keep reading our comprehensive guide for practical advice and examples that will help you create each Chicago style citation with ease.

If you need further information or examples, consult The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.). Whenever you cite a source, whether it is using a direct quote, paraphrasing another author’s words, or simply referring to an idea or theory, you should: Insert a superscript number (raised slightly above the line) at the end of the sentence containing the source - begin with number 1 and continue numerically throughout the paper: This is an example. 1 The superscript number should follow any punctuation mark (full stops, parentheses and commas, etc.). Do not put any punctuation after the number Each number must correspond to a matching number at the foot of the page - whilst note numbers in-text are set as superscript numbers, the notes themselves are full size A footnote generally lists the author (first name first), title, and facts of publication (enclosed in parentheses), in that order - each should be separated by commas. Titles are capitalized, titles of books and journals are italicized, titles of smaller works (e.g., chapters or articles) are presented in Roman and enclosed in double quotation marks A footnote, or Chicago style citation, should always end with a period. Notes should be separated from the main body of text with a typed line 1.You can also consult sections 14.24-14.60 of the CMOS for more detailed information on notes. Formatting a shortened note Whilst the first Chicago style citation for each source should include all relevant bibliographic information, if you cite the same source again you can use a shortened form of the note. Citing one source multiple times in the same paragraph. You can cite it either parenthetically in-text or in subsequent shortened notes Sections 14.29-14.36 of the CMOS contain more information on shortened notes. Formatting an endnote If you are drawing on multiple sources, a page cluttered with footnotes can overwhelm your reader.

Whilst readers of scholarly works generally prefer footnotes for ease of reference, endnotes are less intrusive and will not interrupt the flow of your work. You should judge for yourself whether footnotes or endnotes would best compliment your assignment, and then the Cite This For Me Chicago style citation maker will generate them for you. Include a page number if you are quoting a particular section of a source Position the parenthetical citation at the end of the sentence referring to the source, and place just inside a mark of punctuation - unless it is a block quotation, in which case it is placed outside the punctuation Where the author’s name appears in the text, you don’t need to repeat it in the Chicago style in-text citation When citing works with more than three authors, only the name of the first author is used, followed by et al. - e.g., (Schonen et al. 2009) Compile a list of all source material in a reference list at the end of your assignment Chapter 15 of the CMOS is devoted to the author-date reference system. Recent revisions to the format have allowed for a certain degree of flexibility. For instance, you may prefer to use a combination of footnotes and parenthetical author-date citations (especially if you have an excess of notes) - you could use author-date citations to indicate sources within the text, and numbered footnotes or endnotes to add comments. Why not give the Cite This For Me web tool a try. Save yourself the bother of formatting each Chicago style citation and have the whole thing done using our state-of-the-art automated technology. Simply search for the author or title of the book you want to cite and leave the rest to us. Compiling a full list of all the source material that has contributed to your research and writing process is the perfect opportunity to show your reader the effort you have gone to in researching your chosen topic, ensuring that you get the grade you deserve. I.

Notes-Bibliography System Have you been wondering how to organize all of your fully-formatted Chicago style citations in a comprehensive list.Author-Date System If you are adopting the author-date variant of Chicago style citations, read the above list for a guide on how to compile your reference list. CMOS sections 15.10-15.20 will also be able to give you more guidance on the nuances of the author-date reference list. The Cite This For Me Chicago citation generator is here to take a weight off your mind. Sign up to Cite This For Me to save and export your completed bibliography. Book with single author or editor: Full Chicago citation in a footnote: 5. Michael Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals (New York: Penguin, 2006), 99-100. Shortened citation in a footnote: 5. Pollan, Omnivore’s Dilemma, 3. Bibliography entry: Pollan, Michael, The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York: Penguin, 2006. Book with multiple authors: For a book with two authors, note that only the first-listed name is inverted in the bibliography entry. Shortened citation in a footnote: 3. Ward and Burns, War, 52. New York: Knopf, 2007. Print journal article: Full Chicago citation in a footnote: 89. Walter Blair, “Americanized Comic Braggarts,” Critical Inquiry 4, no. 2 (1977): 331-32. Shortened citation in a footnote: 89. Blair, “Americanized Comic Braggarts,” 335. Bibliography entry: Blair, Walter. “Americanized Comic Braggarts.” Critical Inquiry 4, no. 2 (1977): 331-49. Online journal article: When citing electronic sources consulted online, the Chicago style citation manual recommends including an electronic resource identifier, where possible, to lead your reader directly to the source. A URL is a uniform resource locator, which directs the reader straight to the online source. When using a URL, simply copy the address from your browser’s address bar when viewing the article.