chapter 16 solutions manual chemistry

These results are the biological responses to macromolecular targets. A drug is a chemical substance which causes a change in a living organism’s physiology and psychology when consumed. When this response is beneficial to the individual living being, the chemicals are called as medicines and are then used to cure and treat various diseases and disorders. They are also used for the prevention of certain diseases. There are synthetic drugs and natural drugs. Drugs are actually potential poisons which, when taken in prescribed dosage are useful. Chemotherapy is the process through which higher doses of chemicals are used for treatment. Drugs are divided upon many bases. The basic criteria of classification of drugs are as follows. They are classified based on the pharmacological effect, based on drug action, based on chemical structure and the basis of molecular targets. Pharmacological classification is the one in which drugs are classified according to their uses. They are classified according to their activity like chemical property, mode of administration, biological system affected and the various therapeutic effects. This is particularly helpful to the doctors as they know multiple drugs for a singular problem. When the drugs are classified based on drug action, that is the way the drugs affect the person who is given the same. Some drugs cause inflammation on administration. When drugs are classified on the basis of chemical structure, it means that the drugs in a single classification would be structurally similar looking. They have common structural features and have very similar pharmacological activity. When drugs are classified based on molecular targets is based on the reaction process of the drugs when they react with the target molecule. Usually, drugs with similar structures react to target molecules in similar ways. A widely used and elaborate system of classification of drugs is the Therapeutic Chemical Classification System (ATC system).

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The aldehydic group is always present atIt has methyl substitution onBut all the ketones don’t haveBut all the ketones don’t haveView the primary ISBN for. Our experts at Vedantu has years of experience in the same field, they have worked really hard to give you the best solutions. The school subjects form a base of knowledge, which every student should have. Vedantu helps students attain the best results in your examination. These CBSE NCERT solutions can be downloaded from the Vedantu website completely free of cost. The solutions are available in PDF format with download option. Chemistry is the study of materials and development of new materials and chemicals. Chemistry also studies the reaction between these materials. This chapter takes us through a few aspects of our life where we use chemicals. This includes the medicines we take to prevent and cure diseases, the way drugs react to our bodies and why medicines work as they do. The chapter also takes us through the basic classification of drugs and the various types that we commonly use. Chemicals are also used in the preservation of food. They are also used to give colour and added taste to the food items that we eat every day. These chemicals help improve the food we eat and can often make it healthier. Detergents and cleaning agents are also agents used in the cleaning processes that occur every day. Cleaning itself is a chemical reaction. Our life itself is based on multiple chemical reactions that occur around us. Medicines have increased our life and made it healthier. This chapter gives detailed information about how the basic chemistry that we learn is applied in our everyday life. Given below is the list of subtopics in this chapter: Drugs and their classification Drug target interaction Therapeutic action by various drug classes Chemicals in food Cleansing agents Drugs and their classification: Drugs are chemicals which, when reacting to other chemicals in our bodies, give out medicinal results.

Receptors: Different receptors react differently to different chemicals in the body. Their binding site has different shape, structure and composition. Antagonists are drugs that bind to the receptor sites and stop its natural functions. They are useful to block messages like pain. The Vedantu website has information written by experts in chemistry on this topic. You should refer to the same for more details and understanding. Therapeutic action by various drug classes: Chapter 16 NCERT Class 12 Chemistry in real life has a subtopic which talks about a variety of drug classes and their therapeutic actions. The classes included in this section are Antacids, Antihistamines, Neurologically active drugs, Antimicrobials and Antifertility Drugs. Antacids are used when the excessive production of acid in the stomach starts causing problems like stomach and irritation. In severe cases, this can lead to the development of ulcers. Nowadays, Metal Hydroxides are used to neutralise these effects. They are insoluble and thus can avoid the trigger of excessive acids which could happen in earlier solutions to this issue. A major breakthrough was the discovery of the chemical histamine which encourages the secretion of pepsin and hydrochloric acid in the stomach. The drug Tagamet is designed to prevent between histamine and the stomach lining or walls. This was the largest selling until Zantac was discovered. Antihistamines are drugs which usually treat allergies. It is an inexpensive, generic, over the counter drug which can provide immediate relief to the allergic reactions like cold, sneezing, hives etc.Antihistamines are drugs which cannot be used for the long term but are extremely effective short term. Neurologically active drugs are tranquillisers and analgesics (non-narcotic and narcotic). Tranquilliser drugs are used for the treatment of anxiety, fear, tension, disturbances of the mind and agitation.

The world health organization keeps the list of all essential medicines. You can learn more about this topic from Vedantu website. Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 16 NCERT are available on this site. Drug target interaction: Drug target interaction is the process by which various drugs function in a body. Drugs react differently to different types of macromolecules in organisms. These macromolecules are further classified upon their actions, and drugs respond in different ways to each of these too. For example, different types of proteins are enzymes, receptors, carrier proteins, etc.Enzymes are proteins which perform the role of biological catalysts. Receptors are crucial for the communication system in a body. Functions of enzymes: When enzymes catalyse a reaction, they do two major functions. The first is that they hold the substrate for the chemical reaction in a suitable position so that it can be attacked effectively by the reagent. Substances bind to these active sites through ionic bonds. The second function of an enzyme is to provide functional groups that will carry out the chemical reactions. These are the catalytic actions of the enzymes. Drugs stop any one of the activities as mentioned above of the enzymes. They are called enzyme inhibitors. Process of inhibitors: This process occurs in two ways. The first way is when the drugs compete with the natural substrate for their attachment on the activity site. These are called as competitive inhibitors. Some drugs bind to the allosteric site, thus effectively changing the shape of the activity site so that the substrate wouldn’t recognise the same. These bonds cannot be broken easily, and the enzymes are blocked permanently. Receptors are mostly embedded in the membrane of the cell. The active site projects out of the cell membrane on the outside region of the cell membrane. Chemical messenger gives a message to the cell without entering the cell through these active sites.

These are hormones used to suppress ovulation. With the increase in medical sciences resulting in an increase in life expectancy, the need to have multiple children has reduced. This has led to an increase in the demand for antifertility medication around the world. The Vedantu website has a solution set which can be downloaded in PDF format. This set has answers to any questions you may have regarding this topic. Chemicals in food: Chemicals are added to food to enhance their flavour and colour, for preservation and to add nutritive value to them. Food colours, food flavours and sweeteners, fat emulsifiers and stabilising agents, flour improvers, preservatives, antioxidants, nutritional supplements etc.They supplement sucrose in sugar thus are useful for people with diabetes. Food preservatives prevent spoilage of food due to microbial growth on them. These are natural preservatives such as sugar, salt, vegetable oil etc.This method is used in regions where fresh food is not available throughout the year. Meat is salted and preserved, and the food industry uses preservatives to keep food as fresh as possible for a longer period of time. Antioxidants in food help by reducing its oxygen content, thus preventing its degradation. These are important and necessary to conserve food items. Butylated hydroxytoluene is a popular antioxidant. These are sometimes added with citric acid for more effect. They are used for wine, beer, sugar syrups, peeled and dried vegetables and fruits. To know more about how chemicals are used in food, you should download the Vedantu application form play store which contains solutions to this chapter and many more. It can be helpful in giving an insight to students about the use of chemicals in the food items. Cleansing agents: Many times chemicals are used to clean. Two types of detergents used for this process are soap and synthetic detergents. These help us remove fats from skin or clothes. These fat substances have dirt stuck to them.

They have a calming effect on the minds of animals and human beings on whom they are administered. This term is used to refer to mild antipsychotic and neuroleptic medications. Mood stabilisers can also sometimes be classified as tranquillisers. Analgesics are also known as pain killer drugs. They are used to get relief from pain. They act in the peripheral and central nervous systems and are chosen upon the severity of the pain experienced by the individuals. The mild analgesics are the first step prescribed by the world health organisation. If that doesn’t have any effect on the pain, doctors may prescribe stronger drugs. The choice of analgesics also depends on the type of pain a person experiences. Analgesics are non-narcotic or non-addictive like aspirin or paracetamol and narcotic-like morphine. Non-narcotic are effective in relieving skeletal pain and short, muscular pain. Narcotic drugs are administered in medicinal doses to patients with severe pain. Antimicrobials are drugs used for diseases caused by microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, viruses and other pathogens. Antibodies are used to treat the infection. They have low toxicity in humans and animals. They are actually chemical substances produced by the said microorganisms. Now antibodies are chemicals produced synthetically, which in low concentration destroys microorganisms by intervening in their metabolic processes. Antiseptic and disinfectant drugs are those who kill or prevent the growth of microorganisms. Antiseptics are applied to wounds, cuts, ulcers or any living tissue externally and are not indigested. Disinfectants are applied to inanimate objects to clean them of any living organisms such as germs and bacteria that may develop on the surface. Disinfectants are applied to floor, clothes, toys, instruments etc. Antifertility drugs are those which are used to control population, in family planning etc. Birth control pills contain a mixture of synthetic estrogen and progesterone.

Solving these questions will help you to understand the chapter in a better way. Chemistry in everyday life questions and answers pdf are prepared by experienced teachers as per the latest CBSE syllabus 2020-21. Students must practice the Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 16 exercise solutions regularly to excel in their board exam. Check out chapter 16 PDF given below. This is done in the following steps: Hydraulic washing, magnetic separation, froth floatation method, leaching. This was a brief on Chemistry in everyday life. It provides a whole array of drugs to classify drugs to different diseases. In such cases this distinction is useful. The drug targets are proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. Thus it can be harmful to some receptor sites. Medicines, when taken in higher doses, can cause harmful effects. So medicines can be poisonous. Sources are the use of chemical agents for disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Antacids and antiallergic drugs do not interfere, as they work on different receptors. That is why antacids and antiallergic drugs interfere with histamine function but not with each other. What type of drugs are needed to cure this problem. Name two drugs. These drugs contain enzymes that catalyze the degradation of the neurotransmitter, noradrenaline. The neurotransmitter is therefore slowly metabolized and can activate the receptor for a longer period of time. Eg: Chloramphenicol The other 2 broad-spectrum antibiotics are vancomycin and ofloxacin.Give one example of each. Antiseptics are used to treat living tissues such as cuttings, wounds, diseased skin surfaces and ulcers, while disinfectants are used for objects such as floors, drainage systems, instruments, etc. Disinfectants damage living tissues. The iodine tincture is applied to wounds. One percent phenol solution is used as a disinfectant. However, the motive for releasing excess acid remains untreated. What is its use ? They cut back on spoilage.

Some food preservatives are sugar, table salt, vegetable oil, propanoic acid salts, and sodium benzoate.Give two examples. Artificial sweeteners don’t add calories to our bodies and don’t hurt the human body, either. Some known artificial sweeteners are sucralose, aspartame, alitame, and saccharin. The sweetness of the food while using alitame as an artificial sweetener is difficult to control. In hard water, soaps aren’t effective. The synthetic detergents are therefore better than the soaps. They are made by using concentrated sulphuric acid to react to such alcohol and subsequently by sodium hydroxide. These are synthesized by benzene alkylation by Friedel-Crafts along with alkyl halides or alkenes with long chains. The resulting product initially reacts with concentrated sulphuric acid and subsequently reacts with sodium hydroxide. Sodium 4-(1-dodecy) benzenesulfonate is an example of anionic detergents. They are a good example of high-molecular-mass alcohol esters. These are prepared by the stearic acid and polyethylene glycol reactions. Give one example of each. They do have straight chains of hydrocarbons. Sodium lauryl sulfate for example. Hard water contains magnesium and calcium. When the ions displace sodium or potassium on dissolving soaps in hard water, insoluble calcium or magnesium salts of fatty acids form. Separate those insoluble salts as scum. On the other hand, synthetic detergents won’t get precipitated in both hard water and soft water and can’t be used to find water hardness. The stearate ions (along with the dirt) are pulled into the water because of the polar nature of the hydrophilic parts, thereby removing the dirt from the cloth. Such ions form insoluble salts when dissolved in water containing calcium ions which are of no use. Synthetic detergents are dissolved in calcium ion-containing water, such ions form soluble salts which act as cleaning agents.

Soaps help remove this dirt. Soaps used for cleaning are made of potassium salts of long-chain fatty acids. The saponification process is the reaction of these chemicals to the water to produce foam. Sodium and potassium soaps are soluble in water and are used for cleaning. All soaps are made by boiling fats or oils with hydroxide which can dissolve in water. Variations can be made by adding different raw materials and perfumes to the mixture. Colour is also added to make it look attractive. Soaps that float in water are made by adding tiny bubbles in the bar before hardening. Sometimes substances of different medical value are added which are good for the skin. These substances are usually natural like milk, honey, sandalwood powder etc.Synthetic detergents are substances which have properties of soap but do not contain soap. They can be used in both soft and hard water. They are classified into ionic detergents, cationic detergents, and non-ionic detergents. Vedantu has detailed information on the topic of the chemistry of soaps and detergents put together by experts which you can refer to for last-minute preparation as well as detailed studying. About Vedantu: Vedantu is the largest e-learning website in India. It contains solutions to all the exercises of all classes till Class 12. These solutions are written by experts in the field of chemistry and research, giving a perfect set of solutions as you would require studying for your board examinations. Chapter 16 Chemistry in everyday life of NCERT Class is about the application of the basic principles of chemistry in our day to day life. It is about how chemistry, how it is part and parcel of our lives today and makes our lives easier. It also gives information about the various drugs we use to cure diseases and their chemical components. The solutions to this chapter are available on the Vedantu website.

Solutions for Chapter 16 Chemistry in everyday life can be extremely useful to cover the various points of importance in this chapter keeping in mind the expectations of the board pattern. The subject experts from Vedantu have compiled the best possible solutions for the exercises in this chapter. These solutions and all the material on this website are put together by various experts in the subjects, and they give up to date detailed information on every topic covered. Vedantu is extremely useful for students giving their board exams. Vedantu also has solutions and notes for all the competitive exams. They have online tutoring which you can take classes from your own house at your convenience. Moreover, these benefits are now available on Vedantu application which can be downloaded from the play store. This application has various solution sets, course materials, live tutoring sessions and lives problem-solving sessions which you can use anytime, anywhere. Moreover, they provide extra practice tests for you to gauge your level of comprehension. Using this application is a boost to your confidence, guided by experts from all over India, you can now go the exams well prepared and efficient. Shed the societal and cultural narratives holding you back and let step-by-step Chemistry: The Central Science textbook solutions reorient your old paradigms. NOW is the time to make today the first day of the rest of your life. Unlock your Chemistry: The Central Science PDF (Profound Dynamic Fulfillment) today. YOU are the protagonist of your own life. Let Slader cultivate you that you are meant to be! Please reload the page. Chemistry in everyday life solutions pdf gives you answers to textbook questions, exemplary questions, MCQs, HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills), Worksheets, Exercises, and assignments. To master Class 12 chemistry one must solve the questions provided at the end of each chapter.

BYJU’S videos guide you in remembering the concepts and assignments provided by us will help you in practicing important derivations, numerical problems, and structural formulas. Students can download worksheets, assignments, NCERT Class 12 Chemistry pdf, and other study materials for exam preparation and score better marks. Therefore, a doctor must always be consulted before taking the drug. Structures of these compounds are given below: (i)(C 15 H 31 COO) 3 C 3 H 5 -Glyceryl palmitate (ii)(C 17 H 32 COO) 3 C 3 H 5 -Glyceryl oleate Ans. Label the hydrophilic and hydrophobic part in the molecule.These macromolecules perform various functions in the body for example, proteins perform several roles in the body. Proteins which act as biological catalysts are called enzymes, those which are involved in communication system are called receptors. Carrier proteins carry polar molecules across the cell membrane. Nucleic acids have coded genetic information in the cell whereas lipids and carbohydrates form structural part of cell membranes. Therefore, doctor’s consultation is must to choose the right drug that has the maximum affinity for a particular receptor site to have desired effect. Dose of the drug taken at a time is also crucial because some drugs in higher doses act as poisons and may cause death. For example, secretion of histamine causes allergy. It also causes acidity due to release of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Since antiallergic and antacids drugs work on different receptors, therefore, antihistamines remove allergy while antacids remove acidity. What type of drugs are needed to cure this problem. Name two drugs. Ans.In case of low level of neurotransmitter,.These drugs inhibit the enzymes which catalyse the degradation of noradrenaline. If the enzyme is inhibited, noradrenaline is slowly metabolized and can activate its receptor for longer periods of time thereby reducing depression. Two important drugs are iproniazid and phenylzine.

For example, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and of loxacin. Chloramphenicol can be used in case of typhoid, dysentry, acute fever, urinary infections, meningitis and pneumonia. Give one example of each. Ans. Antiseptics are chemical substances which prevent the growth of micro-organisms and may even kill them but they are not harmful for human or animal tissues. For example, dettol and savlon. They are generally applied on wounds, cuts, ulcers and diseased skin surfaces. Furacin and soframycin are well known antiseptic creams. Disinfectants are chemical substances which kill microorganisms but are not safe to be applied to the living tissues. These are generally used to kill microorganisms present in the drains toilets, floors, etc. Some common examples of disinfectants are phenol ( 1% solution) and chlorine (0.2 to 0.4 ppm). In contrast, cimetidine and ranitidine prevent the interaction of histamine with the receptor cells in the stomach wall and thus release of HCl will be less as histamine stimulates the secretion of acid. What is its use? Ans. 2-3% solution of iodine in alcohol and water is called tincture of iodine. It is a powerful antiseptic. It is applied on wounds. For example, sodium benzoate and sodium metabisulphite. Give two examples. Ans. Artificial sweeteners are chemical substances which are sweet in taste but do not add any calories to our body. They are excreted as such through urine. For example, saccharin, aspartame, alitame etc. The reason being that sulphonic acids and their calcium and magnesium salts are soluble in water thus they do not form curdy white precipitate with hard water but the fatty acids and their calcium and magnesium salts of soaps are insoluble. Detergents also works in slightly acidic solution due to formation of soluble alkyl hydrogen sulphates. Soaps react with acidic solution to form insoluble fatty acids. These can also be obtained by treatment of long chain alcohols by with excess of ethylene oxide in presence of a base.

For example, polyethylene glycol stearate,CH 3 (CH 2 ) 16 COO (CH 2 CH 2 O) 11 CH 2 CH 2 OH Polyethylene glycol stearate. Give one example of each. Ans. Detergents having straight chain hydrocarbons are easily degraded (or decomposed) by microorganisms and hence are called biodegradable detergents while detergents containing branched hydrocarbon chains are not easily degraded by the microorganisms find hence are called non-biodegradable detergents. Consequently, non-biodegradable detergents accumulate in rivers and water ways thereby causing severe water pollution. Examples of biodegradable detergents are sodium lauryl sulphate, sodium 4-(-l-dodecyl) benzenesulphonate and sodium 4-(2-dodecyl) benzenesulphonate.Therefore, in hard water soaps get precipitated as calcium and magnesium soaps which being insoluble stick to the clothes as gummy mass. Therefore, soaps but not synthetic detergents can be used to check the hardness of water. When a soap is dissolved in water the molecules gather together as clusters, called micelles. The hydrocarbon tail attaches itself to oily dirt. The solution now contains small globules of oil surrounded detergent molecules. The negatively charged heads present in water prevent the small globules from coming together and form aggregates. Thus the oily dirt is removed from the object. Therefore, soap cannot be used because it gets precipitated in hard water. On the other hand, a synthetic detergent does not precipitate in hard water because its calcium salt is also soluble in water. Therefore, synthetic detergents can be used for cleaning clothes in hard water.